“The Affirmative Action Empire” by Terry Martin: Personal Reflections
Review of Terry Martin’s The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union (1923–1939)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31874/2309-1606-2026-32-1-16Keywords:
Terry Martin, ‘The Affirmative Action Empire’, Soviet nationality policy (1920s–1930s), nationalism, Ukrainization, ‘zminovikhivstvo’Abstract
The review presents reflections inspired by Terry Martin’s The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union (1923–1939), and by the Director of the Ukrainian Research Institute at Harvard University. Although the Ukrainian translation of the book appeared as early as 2013, it attracted the attention of Ukrainian mass media only in the summer of 2025, following Professor Martin’s appointment to the above-mentioned position. This event itself became an additional impetus for a more thorough and attentive rereading of the work. In engaging with the study, the author of the review focused primary attention on the pages and chapters devoted to Ukraine. The reflections on the book are subjective and grounded in the author's knowledge of Ukrainian history in the 1920s and early 1930s.
References
Imperiia natsionalnoho vyrivniuvannia. Natsii ta natsionalizm u Radianskomu Soiuzi (1923–1939 roky) [The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939]. (2011). Krytyka, (9–10). https://krytyka.com/ua/reviews/imperiya-natsionalnoho-vyrivnyuvannya-natsiyi-ta-natsionalizm-u-radyanskomu-soyuzi-1923-1939/print [in Ukrainian].
Istorychna pravda. (2025). Terry Martin will head the Ukrainian Research Institute at Harvard University. https://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2025/07/2/165118/ [in Ukrainian].
Kachkovska, Ya. (2025). The “Affirmative Action Empire”: Terry Martin on the Soviet Experiment in Nationality Policy. https://lnk.ua/b4AqDyp4Q [in Ukrainian].
Kotsarev, O. (2018). James Mace. Communism and the Dilemmas of National Liberation: National Communism in Soviet Ukraine, 1918–1933. Krytyka, (7–8). https://krytyka.com/ua/reviews/komunizm-ta-dylemy-natsionalnoho-vyzvolennya-natsionalnyy-komunizm-u-radyanskiy-ukrayini [in Ukrainian].
Martin, T. (2001). The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. New York: Cornell University Press.
Martin, T. (2011). The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (O. Shchelokova, Trans.). Moskva: Rossijskaya politicheskaya enciklopediya (ROSSPEN): Fond «Prezidentskij centr B. N. El’cina». http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/978-5-8243-1523-3/978-5-8243-1523-3.pdf [in Russian].
Martyn, T. (2013). The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (S. Vakulenko, Trans.). Kyiv: Krytyka [in Ukrainian].
Meis, Dzh. (2018). Communism and the Dilemmas of National Liberation: National Communism in Soviet Ukraine, 1918–1933 (M. Yakovliev, Trans.). Kyiv: KOMORA [in Ukrainian].
Skurativskyi, V. L. (2016). Cultural Revolution. I. M. Dziuba, A. I. Zhukovskyi, M. H. Zhelezniak et al. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine (Vol. 16). Kyiv: Instytut entsyklopedychnykh doslidzhen NAN Ukrainy. https://esu.com.ua/article-51478 [in Ukrainian].
Subtelnyi, O. (1991). Ukraine: History (Yu. Shevchuk, Trans.). Kyiv: Lybid. http://resource.history.org.ua/item/0007560 [in Ukrainian].
Sukhomlynska, O. V. (1996). Introdaction, Chs. III, IV. In O. V. Sukhomlynska (Ed.), Essays on the History of Ukrainian Schooling (1905–1933). Kyiv: Zapovit [in Ukrainian].
Sukhomlynska, O. V. (2012). Psychotechnics: A Lost Field of Soviet Pedagogical Science and Practice. Istoryko-pedahohichnyi almanakh, (2), 6–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31499/2307-4833.2.2012.15370 [in Ukrainian].
Sukhomlynska, O. V. (2014). Soviet Pedagogy as Ideology: An Attempt at Historical Reconstruction. Istoryko-pedahohichnyi almanakh, (1), 4–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31499/2307-4833.1.2014.26970 [in Ukrainian].
Yefimenko, H. H. (2005). ZMINOVIKhIVSTVO. In V. A. Smolii et al. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine: Vol. 3. E–Y. Kyiv: Naukova dumka. http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Zminovikhivstvo [in Ukrainian].
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication;
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.